Animal Rights Animal Or Its Organs And Tissues Are Used

ts. For the experimental procedures, either a whole animal or its organs and tissues are used. For this purpose animals are euthanized (killed) by established methods. Many times, the animals surviving the clinical testing are euthanized at the end of an experiment to avoid the later pain and distress (Rusche, 2003). In some cases (for example in LD 50 analysis) animals die as a result of the experiment. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debating issue for a long time. Argument is that being alive, animals have the rights against pain and distress and hence, their use for exper- imentation is unethical and must be stopped (Rollin, 2003). Various acts and laws have been passed†¦show more content†¦Besides the major concern of ethics, few more disadvantages of animal experimentation are requirement of skilled/trained manpower and time consuming protocols. Moreover, very high cost in- volved in breeding, housing and lengthy protocols of animal experiments is another drawback (Balls, 1994). 2. Three Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement Alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome some of the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. A strategy of 3 Rs is being applied which stands for reduction, refinement and replace- ment of laboratory use of animals (Ranganatha and Kuppast, 2012). Different methods and alternative organisms are ap- plied to implement this strategy. The concept of replacement of animals was first discussed in 1957 by Charles Hume and William Russell at the Universities Federation for animal wel- fares (UFAW) (Balls, 1994). Russell and Burch (1959) sug- gested some ways to make the animal experiments more humanly, which was later called as 3 Rs. This approach moti- vates the use of minimum number of animals i.e. ‘reduction’ in the total number of animals used in an experiment. The use of animals must be